The subject of electric vehicles and the law is a bit of a minefield, well at least until you get to the bigger ones anyway. Once you are up to the equivalent of a 50cc moped the law gets quite clear and it becomes easier to classify them, get insurance and know where you stand. I'm no lawyer so if you want a definitive answer you should seek council with a barrister. I'll try and explain as best I can what is legal and what is not, and what your requirements are for each vehicle type. On the upside, vehicle excise duty or road fund tax (whichever you prefer to call it) is free for all electric vehicles.
Personal Transporters
These are not legal on the public roads or pavements, they are classed as a motor vehicle and I can see no way you could feasibly use one with the power off because they require power to stay upright. You can use them on private property with the permission of the land owner, so places like shopping centres are ok if you are using them for security personnel, your garden, a friend's garden, privately owned car parks with the owner's permission.
Electric Skateboards
These are not legal on the public roads or pavements, they are classed as a motor vehicle. It isn't an offence to draw or propel a vehichle by hand close to the near side or left-hand edge of the carriageway. If the motor is off, the question remains as to whether it is a motor vehicle at all since you do have the option to "skate" should you so wish. I'm not sure how the law would view this, so please note that you have been warned. As for the Personal Transporters, you can certainly use them on private land with the owner's permission.
Electric Bicycles
The law is really complicated with these, for starters you must be at least 14 years old to ride an electric bicycle on on the public roads or cycle tracks. It's made more complicated because there is EU law for the classification of electric bicycles too, and it conflicts with UK law. For an electric bicycle to be completely legal in the UK it should have a motor of less than 200W and power should not be applied when you are not pedalling (as determined by a sensor). In reality bikes up to 250W and without the pedal sensor seem to be acceptable to the authorities, but it is a risk you take and you could potentially be prosecuted for driving a motor vehicle without a licence, under age, without insurance and not wearing an approved crash helmet. For that reason we only sell electric bikes that are completely legal. For more information you can read the DfT factsheet on the subject here.
Electric Stand-On Scooters
These are not legal on the public roads or pavements, they are classed as a motor vehicle. It isn't an offence to draw or propel a vehichle by hand close to the near side or left-hand edge of the carriageway. If the motor is off, the question remains as to whether it is a motor vehicle at all since you do have the option to "scoot" should you so wish. I'm not sure how the law would view this, so please note that you have been warned. As for electric skateboards, you can certainly use them on private land with the owner's permission.
Electric Sit-On Scooters (Mopeds)
This is the first category of EV where the law is clear. Electric Sit-On Scooters are classed as mopeds in UK law and require a registration document, number plate, MOT at 3 years, insurance and a valid tax disc. For our purposes a "moped" is a 2 or 3 wheeled electric vehicle with a maximum design speed of 50 km/h (31 mph) that has lights and indicators. Riders must be at least 16 years old, wear an approved helmet, and have category "P" on their driving licence. If you only have provisional category "P" then you must display "L" plates and have a valid DL-196 certificate of completion of CBT issued by an approved training body.
Electric Motorcycles (Mopeds)
Electric motorcycles are classed as mopeds in UK law and require a registration document, number plate, MOT at 3 years, insurance and a valid tax disc. For our purposes a "moped" is a 2 or 3 wheeled electric vehicle with a maximum design speed of 50 km/h (31 mph) that has lights and indicators. Riders must be at least 16 years old, wear an approved helmet, and have category "P" on their driving licence. If you only have provisional category "P" then you must display "L" plates and have a valid DL-196 certificate of completion of CBT issued by an approved training body.
Light Electric Sit-On Scooters and Motorcycles
Light electric sit-on scooters and motorcycles are classed as light motorcycles in UK law and require a registration document, number plate, MOT at 3 years, insurance and a valid tax disc. For our purposes a "light motorcycle" is a 2 or 3 wheeled electric vehicle with a maximum output of 11kW that has lights and indicators. Riders must be at least 17 years old, wear an approved helmet, and have category "A1" on their driving licence. If you only have provisional category "A1" then you must display "L" plates and have a valid DL-196 certificate of completion of CBT issued by an approved training body.
Standard Electric Sit-On Scooters and Motorcycles
Standard electric sit-on scooters and motorcycles are classed as standard motorcycles in UK law and require a registration document, number plate, MOT at 3 years, insurance and a valid tax disc. For our purposes a "standard motorcycle" is a 2 or 3 wheeled electric vehicle with a maximum output of over 11kW that has lights and indicators. Riders must be at least 17 years old, wear an approved helmet, and have category "A" on their driving licence.
Light Electric Cars
Motor tricycles or quadricycles, three or four wheeled vehicles with an unladen weight not exceeding 550kg are classed as "three or four wheeled light vehicles" and require a registration document, number plate, MOT at 3 years, insurance and a valid tax disc. Drivers must be at least 17 years old (unless you are currently getting Disability Living Allowance at the higher rate) and have category "B1" on your licence.
Standard Electric Cars
Motor vehicles, three or four wheeled vehicles with a maximum authorised mass not exceeding 3500kg are classed as "cars" and require a registration document, number plate, MOT at 3 years, insurance and a valid tax disc. Drivers must be at least 17 years old (unless you are currently getting Disability Living Allowance at the higher rate) and have category "B" on your licence. Many electric vehicles have automatic transmission (or no gearbox at all), so you may find them unsuitable for learning to drive unless you don't mind your licence being limited to automatic vehicles.
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